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A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution
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A trailblazing biologist grapples with her role in the biggest scientific discovery of our era: a cheap, easy way of rewriting genetic code, with nearly limitless promise and peril.
Not since the atomic bomb has a technology so alarmed its inventors that they warned the world about its use. Not, that is, until the spring of 2015, when biologist Jennifer Doudna called for a worldwide moratorium on the use of the new gene-editing tool CRISPR - a revolutionary new technology that she helped create - to make heritable changes in human embryos. The cheapest, simplest, most effective way of manipulating DNA ever known, CRISPR may well give us the cure to HIV, genetic diseases, and some cancers and will help address the world's hunger crisis. Yet even the tiniest changes to DNA could have myriad unforeseeable consequences - to say nothing of the ethical and societal repercussions of intentionally mutating embryos to create "better" humans. Writing with fellow researcher Samuel Sternberg, Doudna shares the thrilling story of her discovery and passionately argues that enormous responsibility comes with the ability to rewrite the code of life. With CRISPR, she shows, we have effectively taken control of evolution. What will we do with this unfathomable power?
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Audible Audiobook
Listening Length: 9 hours and 22 minutes
Program Type: Audiobook
Version: Unabridged
Publisher: Audible Studios
Audible.com Release Date: June 13, 2017
Whispersync for Voice: Ready
Language: English, English
ASIN: B072QWS8SJ
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More often than not, it’s difficult to determine which new titles will have staying power 10, 20 or 50 years from now. But “A Crack in Creation†deserves to be on any short list of decidedly important nonfiction books of 2017.The reason is not simply because of the authors’ pedigree — co-author Jennifer Doudna is credited as the chief pioneer behind CRISPR, the potentially world-changing gene-editing technique. The book’s impact is also buttressed by the authors’ scientific rigor, deeply felt passion, and understanding of the world-changing consequences of their research.Doudna and Samuel Sternberg’s “A Crack in Creation†is two books in one. The first third is a short primer on genetic engineering and the scientists who’ve advanced the science over the years. While the attention to detail and footnote-rich documentation is commendable, the lay reader will be forgiven if she skips through some of the dry backstory to get to the good stuff in the remaining two-thirds of the book. Because few of us have yet to reckon with the significant issues raised by the recent breakthroughs in CRISPR research, which only came to light in 2012.As the authors write:“Many experts predicted that CRISPR would be a research biologist’s dream come true, enabling experiments that one could have only fantasized about doing before. I imagined that it would democratize a technology that had once been the privilege of the few. … Now, CRISPR seemed to be on everyone’s lips and the topic of every conversation. And yet it was still only the tip of the iceberg. …“As I sat on the plane flying back to San Francisco after that first trip to Cambridge, I could already see a new era of genetic command and control on the horizon—an era in which CRISPR would transform biologists’ shared toolkit by endowing them with the power to rewrite the genome virtually any way they desired. Instead of remaining an unwieldy, uninterpretable document, the genome would become as malleable as a piece of literary prose at the mercy of an editor’s red pen.â€Doudna’s initial worries centered on whether scientists would prematurely use CRISPR without proper oversight or consideration of the risks and whether bad actors might use the technology for nefarious purposes. So she took the first halting steps to begin a public dialogue about the implications of CRISPR research, first by organizing a roundtable of 17 scientists in January 2015 and then a larger gathering later that year to discuss gene therapy and germline enhancement. Those discussions continue to this day.Meantime, other researchers and entrepreneurs got busy. Entire companies have sprung up with the mission of conquering such genetic disorders as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease and Duchene muscular dystrophy. The reader roots along with the authors in cheering on what amounts to the beginning of what might be called “the precision genetic medicine revolution.â€It’s helpful that the authors translate scientific arcana into everyday language, as when they mention that a snippet of DNA being modified by CRISPR is “roughly one one-thousandth the width of a human hair†or that a molecule “acted like a set of GPS coordinates†to guide the replacement DNA to the right spot or when referring to an enzyme as a “motorized hedge clipper.â€Many readers will be interested in not today’s practical applications in the lab but in what tomorrow may herald. Count me in the latter category, as I just finished writing a suspense novel with CRISPR at the centerpiece. What’s so fascinating about the technology’s future prospects? The authors write:“In the future, parents may be offered the option of selecting for traits that go beyond disease susceptibility and gender and cross into areas like behavior, physical appearance, or even intelligence. The list of known associations between certain gene variants and a diverse list of traits continues to grow, and as the PGD technology improves further, what’s to stop fertility clinics from consulting this genetic information so they can offer their consumers even more choices when it comes to selecting the most desirable or ‘best’ embryos?â€Entire conferences and mountains of newsprint will be devoted to dissecting the implications of CRISPR usage on early stage human embryos in the decades ahead. The door has just been cracked ajar.Where does Doudna, the progenitor of CRISPR, come down on the ethical scales?“I don’t believe there’s an ethical defense for banning germline modification outright, nor do I think we can justifiably prevent parents from using CRISPR to improve their chances of having a healthy, genetically related child, so long as the methods are safe and are offered in an equitable manner. … [But we also need to] redouble our commitment to building a society in which all humans are respected and treated equally, regardless of their genetic makeup. …“Advances in gene editing are enabling us to rewrite the very language of life—and putting us closer to gaining near-complete control of our genetic destiny. Together, we can choose how best to harness this technology There’s simply no way to unlearn this new knowledge, so we must embrace it. But we must do so cautiously, and with the utmost respect for the unimaginable power it grants us.â€Well said. The authors smartly observe that society as a whole needs to be in on the decision on whether to move forward with certain aspects of the gene-editing revolution, and that scientists need to demystify the technology so the public can “understand their implications and decide how to use them.†Let the robust debate begin.
The late William Buckley claimed, "A conservative stands athwart history yelling, 'Stop!'" Dr Doudna is no conservative. Still, in "A Crack In Creation" she finds herself standing in the middle of the road of progress shouting, Wait! The book recounts her lab's discovery of how a highly adaptable region of bacterial DNA called the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) can be programed to edit DNA itself. Potentially, CRISPR gene editing will cure many human diseases and end much suffering.Amid all the excitement a dream in which she meets Adolph Hitler compelled Dr Doudna to ask the Frankenstein question: Just because we can do something (in this instance, edit the human germline), does that mean we should? In a collection of essays entitled "From Under the Rubble," Nobel laureate Alexander Solzhenitsyn presents the image of technologists running hard to both keep up and stay ahead. They're running hard just to keep pace--heads down and tongues lolling, panting and sweating to stay ahead of the researcher on their heels while trying to overtake the researcher just ahead. But they never take the time to ask IF their research ought to proceed.All credit is due Dr Doudna for exclaiming, Wait! We need to talk this through; this issue is too big for just science. Yes, she comes down on the side of racing forward. But the way she thinks through this potentially humanity changing science helped me see gene editing not just with layman's knowledge, but with compassion and a bit wider perspective than when I started the book. And yet ... while she pays polite lip service to potential religious concerns about gene editing, her embrace of random evolution leads her to view religious objections as antiquated notions that need only be addressed to be disposed.Scientists (actually, their editors) writing for layman ought to include a glossary. That's missing. And her habit of expressing how brilliant her fellow scientists are gets pretty worn pretty fast. Regardless, A Crack In Creation deserves your attention. ~Star Readers: from out of the east
While the writing and presentation gives a sense of having been rushed out, and first part is a tough slog for a lay person, there is no doubt as to the importance of the issues raised in the 2nd and 3rd parts that should be elevated to a global dialogue. My mind immediately went back to the movie Gattaca in depicting what the future might look like for a genetically engineered human race (and admittedly, this may have contributed to my views below) - after all, what we are talking about with gene editing and germline editing is, or was for me, science fiction.The author's sometimes apparent (to me) hubris needs to be carefully balanced against the awesome power and "unknown unknowns" this technology may bring to humanity, e.g. a few passages leapt out, such as blithe dismissal of the likelihood of humans repeating the dark history of eugenics. Nevertheless, I believe the author is aiming to do good and this is an important contribution in shining a light in this area - I was surprised (and shocked) that science had progressed so far and so quickly, at least to me, without significant public debate or governmental intervention.
Fascinating subject, but the book is not particularly well written and frankly its way too technical, filled with a lot info you don't really need to absorb the enormity of this discovery. But thank you Jennifer Doudna and all the researchers who have spent years fine tuning this technique, I have no doubt you will save many lives. I can't imagine how to ensure that it's only used for good, not evil purposes.
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